INTRODUCTION:

A metabolic condition known as diabetes mellitus (DM) is Perrine flowering plant species Sisal is the hard fiber produced worldwide and is obtained from the leaves of folk plant Agave sisalana.¹ In 19th century by the Brazilian territory Sisal was exported. Approximately 140 thousand tons of Sisal and hard fiber annual production is done by world's largest producer of Sisal.² Nowadays the socioeconomically development of Sisal crucially done in semi-arid region of the northeast areas the soil oxygenation due to the accumulation of the organic material at production site can reduce and disrupt the balance of microorganisms the ultimately decreases the production of Sisal.³ Phenolic compounds have antioxidant properties that can reduce the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the deeper layers of the skin.⁴ Chronic exposure to the Sun can cause photoaging and increase the risk of developing cancer.⁵ The plant has been used in different kinds of ailments such as microbial and bacterial infectious diseases.⁵ Pharmacologically plant showed some activities like antioxidant, antimalarial, antidiuretic, antidiarrheal, antitumor, anticancer, antioxidant, diuretic, analgesic antifungal, immune-modulatory and hepatoprotective properties.⁶ Toxicological studies of the plant material helps to determine the pesticide residues, potentially toxic elements, and microbial assay to establish the absence or presence of potentially harmful chemical substances.⁷

Fig No. 1. Plant sisal.

Fig No. 2. Sisal Leaves

The therapeutic activity of herbs is because of various constituents present in them and Therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plants depends upon the quality and quantity of chemical constituents may vary depending on various factors, one amongst is the geographical localities show quantitative variation in their chemical constituents.⁸ In some plants, helpful for making cloths, wall coverings, curtains and carpets.⁹ It contains saponins found in the leaves and used in the production of soap and in land reclamation schemes in arid regions of the world.¹⁰ The dried flowering stems are used as waterproof thatch. In some of the parts of Northem Nigeria.¹¹ It has also been reported that the plant has insecticidal activity.¹²

Biologically active compounds are found which having antimicrobial activities.¹³ These are called as secondary metabolites exert antimicrobial properties by different mechanisms result the inhibition of cell during protein synthesis.¹⁴ Plant consisting of tannins and their chemical components are possess astringent in action and are used during intestinal infections like dysentery and diarrhea.¹⁵ Anti-inflammatory action produce by saponins worked as the steroidal extracts from medical plants exhibited the antibacterial in action on some bacterial modules.¹⁶ The exhibition of Flavonoids exhibited range of biological action such like anti-infective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytostatic and anti-allergic applications.¹⁷

For many years, people have developed a store of information concerning the therapeutic values of local plants before orthodox medical practice appeared.¹⁸ This traditional medicine uses numerous plants, among them is sisal.¹⁹

Table 1. Taxonomy of Sisal

Species	A. sisalana	²⁰
Genus	Agave
Order	Asparagales
Kingdom	Plantae
Family	Asparagaceae
Sub-family	Agavoideae
Species	Agave amaniensis Trel. Agave amaniensis Nowell. Agave rigida var. sisalana. Agave segurae D. Guillot. Agave segurae P. Van der Meer. Agave sisalana var. armata

Genus:

Sisal is a species of agave sisalana amongst the native southern and various regions of the Mexico but now recently it is cultivated in tropical as well as in the subtropical regions of world. It belongs from the Agave genus within the family Asparagaceae. Sisal is a succulent and perennial plant, which is typically growing in rosette form. Its size near about 1.5- 02 meters and height is 5-6 feet with leaves which may extend to 1 meter. Sisal is long, sword-shaped, with sharp marginal spines of agaves sisal which is having minimal watering along with the well-drained soil is prefers. Overwatering can cause root damaging. Sisal has used in manufacturing of products like ropes, mats, and some of the agricultural netting as well. It is harvested when it 2– 4 years old when the leaves are mature then significant amount of fiber is produced.¹⁹

Species:

This species Agave Americana, Agave tequila, Agave angustifolia, Agave attenuata are contributing significant and the global production of the fibers which are used for the ornamental and many other purposes. Species of the Agave genus includes Agave Americana, Agave tequila, Agave angustifolia, Agave attenuata each of these species are having unique characters. It serves as a sustainable source of fiber and contributes to soil conservation, while also supporting local communities in areas where it is cultivated.¹⁹

Phytochemical Uses of Sisal:

Table 2.

Fruit	Carbohydrates, Fibers, Vitamins and some of the trace elements of minerals	Pant propagations, Production Animal’s feed
Flower	Flavonoids, Lignin, Sugars, Alkaloids, Volatile oils	Seed production Pollination Honey be production
Leaves	Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Tannins, saponins, Amino acids and some minerals, Water	Plant Metabolism, Tissue and Fiber production
Stems	Gums, Resins, Alkaloids, Tannins, saponins, Lignin	Mild toxic, Antioxidant, Composed of calcium, potassium and magnesium
Roots	Inulin, Starch, Lipids, Fatty acids, Phenolic compounds, Warer	Prebiotic, Build cell wall, Energy production, ²¹

Phytochemical screening:

The phytochemical analysis indicates the concentration of saponins were high (++++) in methanolic as well as aqueous extract and steroids, tannins are moderately present (+++) in both type of extracts. In the aqueous extract cardiac glycosides and flavonoids were of moderate concentration, but in the methanolic cardiac glycosides show low presence and flavonoids doesn’t show of low concentrations.²²

Figure 3. Screening of Extract of Sisal

Table 3. Phytochemical screening

Phytochemicals	Methanol extract	Aqueous extract
Alkaloids	+++	++++
Coumarins	+	++
Saponins	++++	++++
Flavanoids	-	++
Tannins	+++	++
Steroids	++	++++
Cardiac Glycoside	-	++
Fatty acids	+	-
Triterpins	+	-

(++++ = high concentration +++ = moderate concentration ++ low concentration - = absent)

Figure 4. Steroidal saponine

Traditional uses of Agave sisalana:

Traditionally it is used in all regions of America and central Mexico.

1. Production of fiber: due to long, tough and broaden leaves plant has the higher amount of fibrous is thread like structure used for making the. mats, and for making sacks, house twimers, ropes and wall setter, floor carpets as well as coverings as per the industrial productions as highly valuable fiber.²³

2. Handcrafts: Use for making handicrafts are traditionally obtained from plant containing fiber are used to make some of the hand-woven material for daily basis use just like a little basket, sun caps, hats, bags, socks, and maximum amount of the children woven crafts.²⁴

3. Industrial Production: Textile Industry for making durable material due to good quality of fabrics.²⁵

4. Significantly use for Cultural and Ritual: In case for making the significant cultural outfits like a stamp rugs, event cloths and coarse.²⁶ In various religious ceremonies due to attractive levels and highly charged from public for making decorative themes and some highlighted sets in various ritual programs and ceremonies of endogenous communities worldwide.²⁷

5. Agriculture practices: It is widely used for making the natural pesticides as well as the insecticides in various agriculture practices.²⁸ For the Animal husbandry shade net production as per the orientation for suitability.²⁹

6. Traditionally it is use in several areas like Animal Feed making and in the common constructions of the public use in form of the broad net set for protection purpose against the winds and sun sites.³⁰

Medicinal uses of Agave sisalana:

1. Wound Healing: Medicinally leaves comprising gel-like substance has been used to treat wounds, minor cuts, and burns.³¹ Due to its antiseptic and healing properties, helping to cleanse and treats the skin damaged.³²

2. Digestive Health: Also called digestive aid and the laxative use of A. sisalana its juice or pulp having high fiber content and medicinally use to help for treating the constipation, and gastric mild problems and cleansing the digestive system.³³

3. Skin conditions: The extracts and sap is obtained from the leaves of Agave sisalana is used in skin treatments, and conditions like eczema or psoriasis. And in the treatment of minor skin infections.³⁴ It’s also reported as a derma-protectant due to soothing effect may help to reduce the itching of scratchy skin, irritation and inflammation in all type of skin. Also use to detoxify and purify the body in summer seasons.³⁵

4. Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory: Medicinally the uses suggested that this plant sap or pulp might having the mild anti-inflammatory or pain-relieving properties, and has been used externally to solved or reduced the swelling or discomfort from muscle pain and any other stimuli.³⁶

RESULT:

Antimicrobial activity:

The methanolic as well as aqueous extracts of A. sisalana showed various anti-infective activity such as antimicrobial, antifungal, astringent activity against the microorganisms are mentioned above. The methanol extract (++++high concentration) was found and which is more effective than the aqueous extract (++low concentration) against all organisms are tested.³⁷

Table 4. Antimicrobial activity of Agave sisalana extract

Inhibition zones (mm)					Name of Microorganism (Gram +)
ESH	ESM	ESR¹	ESR²	P²	Name of Microorganism (Gram +)
-	1	2	-	14	Staphylococcus aureus
2	-	-	-	16	Staphylococcus epidermidies
-	1	1	-	18	Staphylococcus feacalis
1	-	-	-	22	Streptococcus pyrogenes

Figure 5. Media/Gram +

ESR¹- Extract of Sisal residue -1

ESR^2-- Extract of Sisal residue -2

Table 5.

Inhibition zones (mm)					Name of Microorganism (Gram -)
ESH	ESM	ESR¹	ESR²	P²	Name of Microorganism (Gram -)
-	1	-	-	4	E. aureginosa
-	-	-	-	-	E. coli CCDM

Figure 6. Media/Gram

Table 6.

Inhibition zones (mm)

Name of Microorganism

Fungi

ESH

ESM

ESR¹

ESR²

P²

C. albicabs

Figure 7. Disturb Fungi

Figure 8. PDD test

Higher susceptibility in case of methanol extract, Escherichia coli (P²) was more other other selected organism with zone of inhibition of 32mm and Salmonella typhi showed the least susceptibility. Also, for the aqueous extract, S. aureus were highly susceptible to (ESR¹=2) and Streptococcus pyogenes showed the lower susceptibility.³⁸

The paper disk diffusion (PDD) method is also use to determined antimicrobial activity by using Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungus.³⁹ The hydro alcoholic extract is obtained from the leaves which showed significant inhibition of Candida albicans.⁴⁰ In other hand, it was inactive against the two strains of Escherichia coli and three strains of Staphylococcus aureus, a strain of Bacillus cereus one more strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella choleraesuls.⁴¹ The methanolic extract showed lesser reduction in the inhibitory action of Cabdida albicans as compared it is compare with the above mentioned extracts, and it was also treated against some other microorganisms.⁴²

FUTURE PROSPECTS:

Future values of the plant formulation look promising, especially due to the increasing interest in sustainable products and renewable resources. Sisal, plant is native to Mexico, primarily grown for fiber, and has a wide range of industrial values.

1. Sustainable Fiber Production: Sisal fibers are used for the natural, biodegradable, and strong, making them suitable for eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic of artificial fibers like plastic and nylon. The demand for sustainable, biodegradable products is on the rise, especially in industries such as textiles, packaging, and automotive.

2. Biodegradable Plastics and Composites: Green fibers are being explored as a material for biodegradable plastics and bio composites. These are used in industries such as automotive manufacturing as well as the packaging, where the reducing plastic waste is becoming a key focus.

3. Construction Materials: Sisal fibers, combined with other natural fibers, used in eco-friendly composites for construction materials, like panels, insulation, and flooring.

4. Health and Wellness: Dietary Fiber: consist of hemicellulose, which has potential applications in the health and nutrition industries as a dietary supplement. As consumers become more health-conscious, the use of plant-based fibers in food formulations could expand.

5. Traditional and Alternative Medicine: Sisal has a history of being used in folk medicine, and more research could lead to the development of natural health products derived from the plant, including topical ointments or herbal remedies.

6. Biofuels and Bioethanol Production: Agave species, including Sisal, are considered potential sources for bioethanol production due to their high carbohydrate content. Sisal’s biomass could be used for biofuel production, helping to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The organic matter from Sisal plants can also be utilized for biogas production, contributing to renewable energy sources.

7. Waste Valorization: Utilizing the plant Agave sisalana after harvesting the fibers, Sisal leaves often remain as waste so the Innovative methods to convert agricultural waste into valuable products such as bio char, animal feed, or compost could contribute to a circular economy model.

8. Market Development: Expanding markets for Sisal-based products requires innovation in product design and convincing industries to switch to sustainable alternatives.

9. Processing Efficiency: The processing of Sisal into usable fiber and other products can be labor-intensive. Advances in processing technology will be key to improve the economics of Sisal-based formulations.

Table 7.

Health and Wellness formulations

Agriculture used formulations

Miscellaneous

Dietary health supplements

Topical Preparations- ointment, creams

Biopesticides, fertilizers, Biostimulants, Biofuels

Materials for Humans used cloths etc.

Home decourative materials

Packaging material

CONCLUSION:

The extracts of Agave sisalana has demonstrated number of significant and biological action against the pathogenic organisms introduced by potential activity which having development for the treatment of diseases which would be better, safer and more efficient in treating the diseases caused by the selected group of pathogens. Results is that plant flowering species of A. sisalana that may aid the pharmacological properties of the plant in controlling GITs parasites. Pharmacological studies could pinpoint particularly interesting species for the search for bioactive compounds are founded which active against the pathogens of STDs sexually transmitted infections as well. Agave sisalana formulations having bright, and highest dimant for sustainability, eco-friendly materials, and renewable resources across various industries. Continued research and development will be critical to unlocking full potential, making it a versatile and valuable resource for a range of applications.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

No conflict of interest.

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Received on 22.01.2025 Revised on 03.03.2025

Accepted on 01.04.2025 Published on 06.05.2025

Available online from May 10, 2025

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2025; 15(2):103-108.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5675.2025.00017

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.